[ 金澤清 ]——(2007-5-15) / 已閱66671次
關于民營企業(yè)職工持股的實證分析
金澤清
目 錄
一、職工持股的歷史沿革
二、職工持股的傳統(tǒng)定義和特征
三、民營企業(yè)職工持股案例法律分析
四、民營企業(yè)職工持股的法律沖突
(一)公司員工股東的雙重法律關系
(二)資金募集過程中的法律風險
(三)退出機制中回購規(guī)定合法性分析
(四)股權(quán)管理與信托組織的角色定義
五、職工持股模式推薦——信托基金持股和期權(quán)導入
六、結(jié)語
摘 要
職工持股是一種由公司內(nèi)部職工認購本公司股票,委托專門的職工持股會管理運作,職工通過擁有股權(quán)獲得紅利的一種持股方式。目前我國只有對國有企業(yè)職工持股進行了規(guī)定,而沒有對民營企業(yè)的職工持股做出規(guī)定。
現(xiàn)有的法律中對于職工持股的規(guī)定都是基于國有產(chǎn)權(quán)和職工參與的角度進行,而民營企業(yè)最典型的問題就是產(chǎn)權(quán)全部屬于私人所有。所以很多民營企業(yè)實行職工持股時候無法可依,擅自從事,因而也導致了不少真實個案的失敗情形發(fā)生。
本文通過對某民營企業(yè)的職工持股推行失敗的案例進行分析,包括職工持股的所有權(quán)關系與勞動關系的法律屬性沖突;資金募集方式與法律風險;退出機制中回購規(guī)定合法性分析;股權(quán)管理與信托組織的角色定義等。參照美國的員工持股計劃的有關內(nèi)容,結(jié)合中國現(xiàn)代改革開放背景下社會經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型期的實際情況,筆者最終提出了信托持股和期權(quán)導入等可行性解決方案。以為解決以上問題,促進民營企業(yè)職工持股計劃的順利推行!
關鍵詞:
職工持股 股權(quán) 勞動關系 信托
Abstract
Shares holding by employee is a mode which entrust special association to manage and oprate.Interior employee of company holds shares as well as wins bonus through shares holding. Our country worker holds share , go on , stipulate to state-owned enterprise but worker holding share in enterprise run by the local people make the regulation only at present.
In the existing law is all that angles based on that state-run property right and worker are participated in go on to regulations of workering holds share, and the most typical question of enterprise run by the local people is that all property rights are privately owned. So a lot of enterprises run by the local people worker holds share there are no laws to abide by the time, engaged in without authorization, therefore has caused the failure situation of many true cases to take place.
This text pursues the case failing to analyze through the worker holding share of one enterprise run by the local people, including the ownership relation of workering holds share and legal attribute conflict of the relation of working; Risk of raising the way and legal of the fund; Buy-back stipulates legitimacy analysis to withdraw from the mechanism; The role organizing in management and trust of stock right defines etc.. Hold share relevant content that plan according to staff of U.S.A. , combine China social economy actual conditions for transformation period under the modern reform and opening-up background, I have proposed feasible solutions such as trust holding share and option insertion ,etc. finally. Thought that solved the above-mentioned problems, promoted the smooth implementation that the enterprise run by the local people workered holds share and planned!
Key words: Employee Stock Ownership Plant; Stock right; label concern; Trust;
一、職工持股的歷史沿革
職工持股計劃又稱職工持股(Employee Stock Ownership Plant),20世紀50年代中后期產(chǎn)生于美國,最早由路易斯·凱爾索(Louis Kelso)律師倡導。19、20世紀以來,勞動力對產(chǎn)出的貢獻逐步減少,資本的作用增加,由于大量資本掌握在少數(shù)人手中導致社會分配不公日益明顯,在此背景下,凱爾索提出:每個人應同時通過勞動和資本獲得收入,這是人的基本權(quán)利。面對大部分勞動者缺乏足夠資金的現(xiàn)狀,必須設計一種籌資技術(shù),使盡可能多的人擁有資產(chǎn),職工持股計劃因此產(chǎn)生①[1][2]。
20世紀50年代中后期,在8年的時間內(nèi),凱爾索律師首先將一家公司72%的股權(quán)完成了向職工的轉(zhuǎn)移,70年代,國會給予法律認可,之后迅速發(fā)展,英、法等西歐國家也都紛紛效仿。今天,美國參與員工持股計劃的職工達到1200萬,占全部勞工的10%,其擁有資產(chǎn)超過1000億美元。
在我國解放初期在農(nóng)業(yè)上開展的初級合作社,在城市開展的供銷合作社,都已經(jīng)體現(xiàn)出職工持股的雛形,但60-70年代之后逐漸被禁止。十五大以后,各地都在努力搞活國有經(jīng)濟和集體經(jīng)濟,從明確投資主體、落實產(chǎn)權(quán)責任入手,按照現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度要求,采取靈活有效的改革形式,職工持股會也越來越引起各部門和企業(yè)的認識,成為產(chǎn)權(quán)改革常用的方法。
全國各地在職工持股上已經(jīng)取得了很大的發(fā)展,制訂了相應的管理法規(guī),如《關于公司設立職工持股會的試點辦法》、《內(nèi)部職工持股試點暫行規(guī)定》等,開始總結(jié)出一套行之有效的辦法。但由于各地政府的不同考慮,在職工持股上的發(fā)展水平也不均衡。
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